Galveston County Court is comprised of the County Court #1, County Court #2, and County Court #3. Galveston County Judicial District Courts include the 10th Judicial District Court, 56th Judicial District Court, 122nd Judicial District Court, 212th Judicial District Court, 306th Family District Court, and the 405th Judicial District Court.

The Galveston County Criminal District Attorney' Office represents the State of Texas in all criminal cases that arise anywhere in Galveston County. The only exceptions are low grade misdemeanors filed in Municipal Courts. Local Police Departments and the Sheriff's Department are the agencies that routinely investigate reports of criminal conduct. Criminal cases are then filed in Justice of the Peace Courts, County Courts at Law and District Courts in Galveston County. Once a case has been filed, prosecutors from the District Attorney's Office appear in these courts to represent the State of Texas and the victim of the crime.

Kurt Sistrunk is the chief prosecutor in Galveston County who has been elected as the Criminal District Attorney. Thirty-one Assistant Criminal District Attorneys help the District Attorney handle these cases. Three District Attorney Investigators assist the prosecutors with their cases. These prosecutors and investigators are backed up by twenty-five support staff members. The District Attorney's Office is divided into various sections. Each section has distinct responsibilities and they are as follows: Felony Section, Misdemeanor Section, Family Law Section, Worthless Check Section, Appellate Section, Victim Assistance Section, Grand Jury Section, Child & Elder Abuse Prosecutor, Child Fatality Review Team, and Investigator Section. The Office of County Judge is a Constitutional Office. The County Judge serves as the head of the five member Commissioners' Court and is empowered by the Constitution as the County's Chief Executive officer.